Sources

Sources

Every document cited in the published episodes.

1. 1

   An Nam chi luoc

   Lê Tắc · 1335 · public domain

   Le Tac's account of the Viet lands, finished in 1335; its passage on the Liang campaign against Ly Bi follows the wording of the Chinese histories.

   Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 11, Episode 12

   Also used on: Lady Trieu, Do Anh Han, Le Tac, Mai Thuc Loan, Quang So Khach, Tran Ba Tien, Chan Lap

2. 2

   Nhan Dan newspaper — The invasion by the Trieu

   Báo Nhân Dân · đăng 14/04/2005 · in copyright

   A news article setting out the current official position: the Trieu were invaders, and the period of northern rule is counted from 179 BC.

   Cited in: Episode 3

3. 3

   Nhan Dan newspaper — Son Vi and Go Mun archaeological sites in Phu Tho ranked as national relics

   Báo Nhân Dân · truy cập 16/09/2026 · in copyright

   A Vietnamese news report giving the location and scale of the excavation at the Son Vi site in Phu Tho.

   Cited in: Episode 1

   Also used on: Prehistory, Son Vi

4. 4

   Stone Industries of Mainland and Island Southeast Asia

   David Bulbeck, Ben Marwick · 2021 · in copyright

   A handbook chapter surveying Southeast Asian stone industries and why Western scholars no longer separate northern Vietnam's Stone Age cultures.

   Cited in: Episode 1

   Also used on: Prehistory, Madeleine Colani, Hoa Binh, Son Vi

5. 5

   Dated co-occurrence of Homo erectus and Gigantopithecus from Tham Khuyen Cave, Vietnam

   R. Ciochon và cộng sự · 1996 · in copyright

   The paper dating the fossil-bearing deposits at Tham Khuyen Cave using electron spin resonance and uranium-series methods.

   Cited in: Episode 1

   Also used on: Prehistory, Tham Khuyen Cave

6. 6

   Kham dinh Viet su thong giam cuong muc

   Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn · biên soạn 1856–1884 · public domain

   The Nguyen dynasty's official history, which removed Kinh Duong Vuong and Lac Long Quan from the main line and demoted them to footnotes.

   Cited in: Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 2, Episode 4, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 1, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 7, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 12

   Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang, First Chinese domination, Second and third Chinese domination, An Duong Vuong, Au Co, Lady Trieu, Cao Lo, Cao Nuong, Chu Dong Tu, De Minh, Dinh Tien Hoang, Do Anh Han, Kinh Duong Vuong, Lac Long Quan, Lang Lieu, Lu Gia, Luc Dan, Luu Dien Huu, Ly Bi, Li Xian, Ly Phat Tu, Ly Tu Tien, Mai An Tiem, Mai Thuc Loan, My Chau, Ngo Si Lien, Ngo Thi Si, Nha Lang, Phung An, Phung Hung, Phung Tu Du, Quang So Khach, Si Nhiep, Son Tinh, Tao Huyen Tinh, Thanh Giong, Thi Sach, Thuy Tinh, Tien Dung, Tiet Tong, Tieu Tu, To Dinh, Chen Shou, Tran Trong Kim, Trieu Quang Phuc, Trieu Xuong, Trong Thuy, Trung Nhi, Trung Trac, Sima Guang, Cam Khe, Chan Lap, Dien Triet, Duong Lam, Gia Ninh, Hat Mon, Lake Dongting, Hoan Chau, Kham Chau, Khuat Lao, Long Bien

7. 7

   Old Book of Tang

   Lưu Hu và các sử quan Hậu Tấn · năm 945 · public domain

   The dynastic history of the Tang compiled under the Later Jin; its geography treatise records the apparatus of the Annam Protectorate, and its account of Liu Yanyou is the fullest record of the siege of 687.

   Cited in: Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 12

   Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Cao Chinh Binh, Dinh Kien, Do Anh Han, Duong Tu Huc, Luu Dien Huu, Ly Tu Than, Ly Tu Tien, Mai Thuc Loan, Phung An, Phung Tu Du, Tao Huyen Tinh, Trieu Xuong, Chan Lap, Giao Chau, Hoan Chau

8. 8

   Dai Nam thuc luc

   Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn · thế kỷ XIX · public domain

   The official chronicle of the Nguyen dynasty; under the second year of Minh Mang it has a note listing the shrines of past rulers that the court worshipped, among them the shrine of Mai Hac De in Huong Lam commune, Nghe An.

   Cited in: Episode 11

   Also used on: Mai Thuc Loan

9. 9

   Dai Viet su ky tien bien

   Ngô Thì Sĩ · thế kỷ XVIII · public domain

   Ngo Thi Si's history, where he traced the Kinh Duong Vuong genealogy to a misreading of the Liu Yi tale.

   Cited in: Episode 2

   Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang, Kinh Duong Vuong, Ngo Thi Si

10. 10

    Dai Viet su ky toan thu

    Ngô Sĩ Liên và các sử thần triều Lê · khoảng 1479, bản khắc in 1697 · in copyright

    The official dynastic history that placed the Hong Bang clan at the formal beginning of Vietnamese history.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 1, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 7, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 12

    Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang, Au Lac, First Chinese domination, Second and third Chinese domination, An Duong Vuong, Au Co, Lady Trieu, Pei Songzhi, Cao Chinh Binh, Cao Lo, Cao Nuong, Chu Dong Tu, Queen Dowager Cu, Dan Hoa Chi, Dao Hoang, De Lai, De Minh, De Nghi, Dinh Kien, Dinh Tien Hoang, Do Anh Han, Do Thu, Do Tue Do, Do Vien, Dong Phung, Duong Phieu, Duong San, Giam Loc, Hou Jing, Kinh Duong Vuong, Lac Long Quan, Lang Lieu, Le Tac, Le Van Huu, Lu Dai, Lu Gia, Lu Tuan, Luc Dan, Luu Dien Huu, Luu Phuong, Ly Anh Tong, Ly Bi, Ly Phat Tu, Ly Thien Bao, Ly Thuc Hien, Ly Truong Nhan, Ly Tu Than, Ly Tu Tien, Mai An Tiem, Mai Thuc Loan, My Chau, Nghiem An, Ngo Si Lien, Nha Lang, Pham Tu, Pham Van, Phung An, Phung Hai, Phung Hung, Quang So Khach, Si Huy, Si Nhiep, Son Tinh, Tan Thuy Hoang, Than Nong, Thanh Giong, Thi Sach, Thuy Tinh, Tien Dung, Tiet Tong, Tieu Tu, Tinh Thieu, To Dinh, Tran Ba Tien, Tran Trong Kim, Trieu Anh Te, Trieu Da, Trieu Hung, Trieu Kien Duc, Trieu Quang Phuc, Trieu Tuc, Trieu Xuong, Trong Thuy, Trung Nhi, Trung Trac, Sima Guang, Cam Khe, Chan Lap, Chu Dien, Co Loa, Dien Triet, Duong Lam, Gia Ninh, Ha Loi, Hat Mon, Lake Dongting, Hoan Chau, Khu Tuc, Khuat Lao, Lam Ap, Linh Nam, Long Bien, Me Linh, Tuong Quan

11. 11

    De Vuong the ky

    Hoàng Phủ Mật · thế kỷ III, bản gốc thất truyền · public domain

    A Jin-dynasty royal genealogy listing eight generations descending from Shennong, among them De Minh and De Lai.

    Cited in: Episode 2

    Also used on: De Lai, De Minh, De Nghi, Than Nong

12. 12

    Palaeolithic and Bifacial Industries of Vietnam in Comparison with Those in East, Southeast, and South Asia

    A. P. Derevianko, A. V. Kandyba, Nguyễn Khắc Sử và cộng sự · 2021 · in copyright

    A review of Palaeolithic industries in Vietnam that reconsiders the dating of the Nui Do finds.

    Cited in: Episode 1

    Also used on: Prehistory, Boriskovsky, Nui Do, Tham Khuyen Cave

13. 13

    Department of Cultural Heritage — Hai Ba Trung temple historic site in Me Linh

    Cục Di sản văn hoá · không ghi năm đăng; hồ sơ xếp hạng theo quyết định năm 2013 · in copyright

    Official page summarising the listing file of the Hai Ba Trung temple at Ha Loi; it gives the festival as the fourth to tenth days of the first lunar month, the main day being the sixth, remembered as the day of the feast for the troops. A secondary source, not a historical record.

    Cited in: Episode 5

    Also used on: Thi Sach, Trung Trac, Ha Loi

14. 14

    Department of Cultural Heritage — Hat Mon temple historic site

    Cục Di sản văn hoá · không ghi năm đăng; hồ sơ xếp hạng theo quyết định năm 2013 · in copyright

    Official page summarising the listing file of Hat Mon temple; it gives the festival as the sixth day of the third lunar month and retells sites taken from the village's own spirit record. A secondary source, not a historical record.

    Cited in: Episode 5

    Also used on: Trung Trac, Dong Nhan, Hat Mon

15. 15

    Giao Chau ngoai vuc ky

    Khuyết danh · khoảng thế kỷ IV · public domain

    A lost early Chinese gazetteer; its passage on the Lac fields, Lac people, Lac kings and Lac generals survives through the Commentary on the Water Classic.

    Cited in: Episode 3

    Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang

16. 16

    Han thu

    Ban Cố · khoảng năm 111 · public domain

    Ban Gu's history of the Western Han; it preserves a memorial signed by Liu An himself telling the Yue war far more soberly than his own book does, and records how many people of Au Lac surrendered in 111 BC.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 6

    Also used on: First Chinese domination, Do Thu, Duong Boc, Gia Quyen Chi, Giam Loc, Emperor Wu of Han, Luu An, Tich Quang, Chu Dien, Chu Nhai, Cuu Chan, Giao Chi, Hop Pho, Luy Lau, Me Linh, Nhat Nam, Phien Ngung, Tuong Quan

17. 17

    Book of the Later Han

    Phạm Diệp · thế kỷ V · public domain

    The Chinese dynastic history of the Later Han, and the earliest record of Ma Yuan melting down Lac Viet bronze drums.

    Cited in: Episode 7, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 1

    Also used on: First Chinese domination, Second and third Chinese domination, Emperor Wu of Han, Li Xian, Ma Yuan, Nham Dien, Fan Ye, Thi Sach, Tich Quang, To Dinh, Trung Nhi, Trung Trac, Cam Khe, Chu Dien, Cuu Chan, Giao Chi, Hop Pho, Lang Bac, Me Linh, Nhat Nam, Tay Vu

18. 18

    Hoai Nam Tu

    Lưu An và môn khách · khoảng 139 trước Công nguyên · public domain

    A Western Han compendium holding an early version of the tale of Shennong tasting a hundred herbs.

    Cited in: Episode 2, Episode 1

    Also used on: Dich Hu Tong, Do Thu, Giam Loc, Luu An, Nghiem An, Tan Thuy Hoang, Than Nong, Linh Nam, Phien Ngung

19. 19

    The Dongson Culture and Cultural Centers in the Metal Age in Vietnam

    Hoàng Xuân Chinh và Bùi Văn Tiến · 1980 · in copyright

    A survey by two archaeologists of the Institute of Archaeology setting out the Phung Nguyen to Dong Son sequence.

    Cited in: Episode 5, Episode 6

    Also used on: Dong Dau, Dong Son, Go Mun, Phung Nguyen

20. 20

    Phung Nguyen

    Nguyễn Bá Khoách · 1980 · in copyright

    A monograph on the Phung Nguyen culture whose author concludes that it does not fully match the legendary Van Lang.

    Cited in: Episode 5

    Also used on: Go Mun, Phung Nguyen

21. 21

    Kim, Lai and Trinh 2010 — Co Loa: an investigation of Vietnam's ancient capital

    Nam C. Kim, Lại Văn Tới, Trịnh Hoàng Hiệp · 2010 · in copyright

    A peer-reviewed report on excavation and radiocarbon dating at Co Loa, showing that the main rampart of the middle circuit was raised in the closing centuries BC and was not the first line of defence there.

    Cited in: Episode 3

    Also used on: Au Lac, Trieu Da, Co Loa

22. 22

    Lieu Nghi truyen

    Lý Triều Uy · đời Đường · public domain

    A Tang-dynasty tale of a scholar carrying a letter for the dragon king's daughter of Lake Dongting, once cited as evidence in the Vietnamese annals.

    Cited in: Episode 2

    Also used on: Kinh Duong Vuong, Lake Dongting

23. 23

    Linh Nam chich quai

    Tương truyền Trần Thế Pháp soạn; Vũ Quỳnh và Kiều Phú nhuận sắc · khoảng thế kỷ XIV, nhuận sắc cuối thế kỷ XV · in copyright

    A collection of Vietnamese folk tales in classical Chinese, holding the fullest version of the Hong Bang story.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 8

    Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang, Au Co, Chu Dong Tu, De Lai, Duong San, Kinh Duong Vuong, Lac Long Quan, Lang Lieu, Mai An Tiem, Son Tinh, Than Nong, Thanh Giong, Thuy Tinh, Tien Dung, Trieu Quang Phuc, Vu Quynh, Nga Son, The Marsh of One Night, Mount Tan Vien

24. 24

    Linh ngoai dai dap

    Chu Khứ Phi · 1178 · public domain

    A Song-dynasty official's account of the Lingnan region, written in 1178; its description of Su Loc's canal with thirty-six sluice gates is a twelfth-century picture, later quoted by the Vietnamese histories.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 1

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Giam Loc, Le Tac, Kham Chau, Tuong Lam

25. 25

    Liang shu

    Diêu Tư Liêm · đầu đời Đường · public domain

    The official history of the Liang dynasty compiled by Yao Silian in the early Tang; the annals of Emperor Wu of Liang date the events in Jiaozhou year by month, each in a single terse line.

    Cited in: Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 7

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Duong Phieu, Ly Bi, Pham Tu, Tieu Tu, Tran Ba Tien, Sima Guang, Gia Ninh, Khuat Lao, Lam Ap

26. 26

    Nan shi

    Lý Diên Thọ · đời Đường · public domain

    Li Yanshou's Tang-dynasty history covering all the Southern Dynasties from Song to Chen; mostly condensed from each dynasty's own history, occasionally adding a detail.

    Cited in: Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 7

    Also used on: Duong Phieu, Tieu Tu, Gia Ninh, Khuat Lao

27. 27

    Nan Qi shu

    Tiêu Tử Hiển · đời Lương · public domain

    The official history of the Southern Qi by Xiao Zixian; the original source for Ly Truong Nhan seizing Jiaozhou and for Ly Thuc Hien being named its governor by the court.

    Cited in: Episode 4

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Ly Thuc Hien, Ly Truong Nhan, Giao Chau

28. 28

    Nam Viet chi

    Thẩm Hoài Viễn · khoảng thế kỷ V · public domain

    A lost record of the south whose passage on the Hung fields, Hung people and Hung kings survives through a Song-dynasty compendium.

    Cited in: Episode 3

29. 29

    Hoa Binh Culture in Vietnam after Nearly a Century since Its Discovery

    Nguyễn Khắc Sử · 2021 · in copyright

    A survey of nearly a century of Hoabinhian research in Vietnam, covering dating, distribution, subsistence and open debates.

    Cited in: Episode 1

    Also used on: Prehistory, Madeleine Colani, Con Moong Cave, Hoa Binh, Son Vi

30. 30

    With Division 308 on the way to take over Hanoi

    Nguyễn Khắc Tiếp · 2014 · in copyright

    The memoir of a reporter present at Den Gieng on 19 September 1954, published in book form in 2014.

    Cited in: Episode 4

31. 31

    O'Harrow 1979 — From Co-loa to the Trung Sisters' Revolt

    Stephen O'Harrow · 1979 · in copyright

    A peer-reviewed article setting the texts against the archaeology, raising the dating problem in the claim that An Duong Vuong was a son of the Shu king, and describing Co Loa as it stood in the late nineteen-seventies.

    Cited in: Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 2, Episode 4

    Also used on: An Duong Vuong, Thi Sach, To Dinh, Co Loa, Giao Chi, Me Linh

32. 32

    On the "pounding" of ancient bronze drums in Vietnam

    Phan Đăng Nhật · 2009 · in copyright

    A discussion paper recording the debate among Vietnamese scholars over whether bronze drums were ever struck like a rice mortar.

    Cited in: Episode 7

    Also used on: Ngoc Lu

33. 33

    Phuong du thang lam

    Chúc Mục · thế kỷ XIII · public domain

    A Southern Song gazetteer by Zhu Mu; its entry on Qinzhou records the oath attributed to Ma Yuan in the form: when the bronze pillar breaks, the people of Giao perish.

    Cited in: Episode 1

    Also used on: Le Tac, Kham Chau

34. 34

    Commemoration and the State: Memory and Legitimacy in Vietnam

    Edyta Roszko · 2010 · in copyright

    A study of how the Vietnamese state selects and shapes local commemorations.

    Cited in: Episode 4

35. 35

    Described, Inscribed, Written Off: Heritagisation as (Dis)connection

    Oscar Salemink · 2016 · in copyright

    A book chapter by an anthropologist who attended the Hung temple festival both before and during the UNESCO campaign.

    Cited in: Episode 4

    Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang

36. 36

    So hoc ky

    Từ Kiên và các quan nhà Đường · 727 · public domain

    A Tang-dynasty encyclopedia arranging quotations from older books by topic; under Ai Chau it keeps a passage of the Nam Viet chi describing Trieu Au fighting from an elephant's head.

    Cited in: Episode 2

    Also used on: Lady Trieu

37. 37

    Song Huong — Phan Khoi's two articles on Trieu Da

    Phan Khôi · số 3 ngày 15/08/1936 và số 9 ngày 26/09/1936 · public domain

    Two 1936 newspaper articles demanding that the Trieu be dropped from Vietnamese history altogether, and answering the paper Tin van which objected; the first is subtitled as breaking an error running from Le Van Huu and Ngo Si Lien down to Tran Trong Kim.

    Cited in: Episode 3

    Also used on: Le Van Huu, Phan Khoi, Tran Trong Kim

38. 38

    Hanoi Department of Culture and Sports — Special national site of the Hai Ba Trung temple, pagoda and communal house

    Sở Văn hoá và Thể thao Hà Nội · không ghi năm đăng; cụm di tích xếp hạng năm 2019 · in copyright

    Tourism page of the Hanoi Department of Culture and Sports on the Hai Ba Trung site at Dong Nhan; it gives the festival as the sixth day of the second lunar month, the day the two sisters died. A secondary source, not a historical record.

    Cited in: Episode 5

    Also used on: Trung Trac, Dong Nhan

39. 39

    Su ky

    Tư Mã Thiên · khoảng 91 trước Công nguyên · public domain

    The surviving Chinese history closest in time to the Qin; it records the founding of the three Lingnan commanderies in a single clause, and names Do Thu only inside a Han official's memorial.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 4, Episode 1, Episode 4

    Also used on: Au Lac, Nam Viet, First Chinese domination, An Quoc Thieu Quy, Queen Dowager Cu, Dich Hu Tong, Do Thu, Duong Boc, Giam Loc, Han Thien Thu, Emperor Wu of Han, Lo Bac Duc, Lu Gia, Luc Gia, Nghiem An, Nham Ngao, Tan Thuy Hoang, Trieu Anh Te, Trieu Da, Trieu Ho, Trieu Hung, Trieu Kien Duc, Sima Qian, Giao Chi, Linh Nam, Phien Ngung, Tuong Quan

40. 40

    Tam quoc chi

    Trần Thọ · thế kỷ III · public domain

    Chen Shou's history of the Three Kingdoms, with Pei Songzhi's commentary; its Wu section holds the biography of Si Nhiep, the events of 248 in Giao Chi and Cuu Chan, and the full memorial of Tiet Tong describing Giao Chau through the eyes of its rulers.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Lady Trieu, Pei Songzhi, Dong Phung, Lu Dai, Luc Dan, Si Huy, Si Nhiep, Tiet Tong, Sun Quan, Chen Shou, Giao Chau

41. 41

    New Book of Tang

    Âu Dương Tu, Tống Kỳ · năm 1060 · public domain

    The Song-era rewrite of the Tang history; it dates the founding of the Annam Protectorate, lists the protectorate's tribute goods, and tells the events of 687 more briefly than the Old Book of Tang, naming Dinh Kien but not Ly Tu Than.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 12

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Cao Chinh Binh, Dinh Kien, Do Anh Han, Duong Tu Huc, Luu Dien Huu, Ly Tu Than, Ly Tu Tien, Mai Thuc Loan, Phung An, Phung Hung, Quang So Khach, Tao Huyen Tinh, Trieu Xuong, Chan Lap, Giao Chau

42. 42

    Jin shu

    Phòng Huyền Linh và các sử quan đầu đời Đường · đầu đời Đường · public domain

    The official history of the Jin dynasty compiled in the early Tang; it holds the biography of Tao Huang, who governed Jiaozhou for thirty years, and that of Lu Xun, who died at the river crossing of Long Bien.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 4

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Dao Hoang, Do Tue Do, Lu Tuan, Lam Ap, Long Bien, Tuong Lam

43. 43

    View from the East Mountain: An Examination of the Relationship between the Dongson and Lake Tien Civilizations

    John Tessitore · 1990 · in copyright

    A review of decades of competing theories on Dong Son's origins and its relationship with the Dian culture of Yunnan.

    Cited in: Episode 6

    Also used on: Dong Son

44. 44

    Thai Binh hoan vu ky

    Nhạc Sử · khoảng 980 · public domain

    Yue Shi's Song-dynasty geography, describing each prefecture with its relics and old stories; book 171 covers southern prefectures such as Ai Chau and Hoan Chau.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 2

    Also used on: Lady Trieu, Luc Dan

45. 45

    Thai Binh ngu lam

    Lý Phưởng và các quan nhà Tống · 983 · public domain

    A great Song-dynasty encyclopedia built from quotations of older books; the passage of Liu Xinqi's Jiaozhou record on a woman named Trieu Au of Cuu Chan survives only through it.

    Cited in: Episode 2

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Lady Trieu, Luc Dan, Liu Xinqi

46. 46

    Tongdian

    Đỗ Hựu · năm 801 · public domain

    Du You's Tang-era compendium of institutions; it preserves the decree of 619 letting Yi and Lao households in Lingnan pay half the rice tax.

    Cited in: Episode 10

47. 47

    Thuy kinh chu

    Lịch Đạo Nguyên · thế kỷ VI · public domain

    A Chinese commentary on waterways that preserves long quotations from lost books, among them the Giao Chau gazetteer.

    Cited in: Episode 2, Episode 4, Episode 1, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 4

    Also used on: Au Lac, First Chinese domination, An Duong Vuong, Lady Trieu, Cao Lo, Dan Hoa Chi, Do Tue Do, Emperor Wu of Han, Liu Xinqi, Ma Luu, My Chau, Pham Van, Thi Sach, Trieu Da, Trong Thuy, Trung Trac, Cam Khe, Chu Dien, Giao Chi, Khu Tuc, Lam Ap, Lang Bac, Luy Lau, Me Linh, Tuong Lam

48. 48

    Song shu

    Thẩm Ước · đời Lương · public domain

    The official history of the Liu Song dynasty by Shen Yue; it lists Do Tue Do of Chu Dien in Giao Chi among the model officials and records the expedition against Linyi.

    Cited in: Episode 4

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Dan Hoa Chi, Do Tue Do, Do Vien, Lu Tuan, Khu Tuc, Lam Ap, Long Bien

49. 49

    Chen shu

    Diêu Tư Liêm · đầu đời Đường · public domain

    The official history of the Southern Chen dynasty compiled by Yao Silian in the early Tang; the annals of Chen Baxian give the most detailed account of the Liang campaigns into Jiaozhou.

    Cited in: Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 7, Episode 8

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Duong Phieu, Hou Jing, Ly Bi, Tieu Tu, Tran Ba Tien, Trieu Quang Phuc, Sima Guang, Dien Triet, Khuat Lao

50. 50

    Van hoa Dong Son: 90 nam phat hien va nghien cuu

    Trịnh Năng Chung · 2014 · in copyright

    A ninety-year survey of Dong Son research from the Institute of Archaeology, setting out the mainstream Vietnamese position.

    Cited in: Episode 6

    Also used on: Dong Dau, Dong Son, Go Mun

51. 51

    Zizhi tongjian

    Tư Mã Quang · thế kỷ XI · public domain

    Sima Guang's chronicle from the Song dynasty, a continuous year-by-year history of the Chinese dynasties; many of its lines on Jiaozhou under the Liang were copied almost word for word by the Le-dynasty Vietnamese historians.

    Cited in: Episode 2, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 7, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 10, Episode 11, Episode 12

    Also used on: Cao Chinh Binh, Dinh Kien, Do Anh Han, Duong Phieu, Luc Dan, Luu Dien Huu, Luu Phuong, Ly Bi, Ly Phat Tu, Ly Tu Than, Ly Tu Tien, Mai Thuc Loan, Phung An, Tieu Tu, Tinh Thieu, Tran Ba Tien, Trieu Quang Phuc, Trieu Xuong, Sima Guang, Chan Lap, Dien Triet, Gia Ninh, Giao Chau, Khuat Lao

52. 52

    Sui shu

    Ngụy Trưng và các sử thần nhà Đường · đầu đời Đường · public domain

    The official history of the Sui dynasty compiled by early Tang court historians; it knows Ly Phat Tu only as a local chieftain in Jiaozhou who rebelled in 602, and records the affair in three places that do not fully agree.

    Cited in: Episode 9

    Also used on: Second and third Chinese domination, Lenh Ho Hy, Luu Phuong, Ly Phat Tu

53. 53

    UNESCO file: Worship of Hung kings in Phu Tho

    Uỷ ban liên chính phủ Công ước 2003 · 2012 · in copyright

    File 00735 and decision 7.COM 11.36 inscribing the worship of the Hung kings in 2012.

    Cited in: Episode 4

    Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang

54. 54

    Viet dien u linh tap

    Lý Tế Xuyên · sách gốc thế kỷ XIV, chép việc phong thần tới năm 1313; đọc qua bản dịch tiếng Anh của Ostrowski và Zottoli, Cornell, 1999, dịch từ một bản chép tay đầu thế kỷ XX · in copyright

    A collection of the deeds of spirits worshipped in Viet lands, including the Trung sisters and the titles the court granted them down to 1313.

    Cited in: Episode 4

    Also used on: Thi Sach, Chu Dien, Me Linh

55. 55

    Viet giam thong khao tong luan

    Lê Tung · 1514 · public domain

    Le Tung's general essay printed at the front of the Toan thu, which praises Trieu Da as a hero of talent and strategy, then later calls his taking of Au Lac a treacherous stratagem.

    Cited in: Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 2, Episode 12

    Also used on: Queen Dowager Cu, Do Anh Han, Le Tung, Phung An, Phung Hai, Phung Hung, Trieu Anh Te, Trieu Hung, Duong Lam

56. 56

    Viet Nam su luoc

    Trần Trọng Kim · 1920 · public domain

    The first widely read general history in the Vietnamese alphabet, whose author put a question mark after the date 2879 BC himself.

    Cited in: Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 1, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3

    Also used on: First Chinese domination, Lady Trieu, Ngo Thi Si, Si Nhiep, Thi Sach, To Dinh, Tran Trong Kim, Trung Nhi, Trung Trac, Dong Nhan, Hat Mon

57. 57

    Viet su luoc

    Khuyết danh · khoảng cuối thế kỷ XIV · in copyright

    An anonymous early history that tells of the state's founding without any dragons, fairies or Hong Bang clan.

    Cited in: Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 4, Episode 3, Episode 1, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 6, Episode 1, Episode 2, Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 6, Episode 7, Episode 8, Episode 9, Episode 10

    Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang, Au Lac, First Chinese domination, An Duong Vuong, Au Co, Cao Lo, Dan Hoa Chi, Dinh Kien, Do Vien, Kinh Duong Vuong, Lac Long Quan, Le Tac, Luc Dan, Luu Phuong, Ly Bi, Ly Phat Tu, Ly Thien Bao, Ly Thuc Hien, Ly Truong Nhan, My Chau, Si Nhiep, Thi Sach, To Dinh, Tran Ba Tien, Trieu Da, Trieu Quang Phuc, Trong Thuy, Trung Trac, Chu Dien, Khu Tuc, Me Linh, Nhat Nam

58. 58

    Viet su tieu an

    Ngô Thì Sĩ · soạn 1775; đọc qua bản dịch của Hội Việt Nam Nghiên cứu Liên lạc Văn hoá Á châu, Văn Sử, 1960 · in copyright

    Ngo Thi Si's critical study of history, where he demanded that the Trieu be taken out of the Vietnamese line of succession and filed under foreign rule.

    Cited in: Episode 3, Episode 4, Episode 4, Episode 5, Episode 2, Episode 3

    Also used on: Queen Dowager Cu, Phan Khoi, Si Nhiep, Trung Trac

59. 59

    Viet Nam News, 24 December 2024 — over 2,300 bronze drum mould fragments at Luy Lau citadel

    Việt Nam News (Thông tấn xã Việt Nam) · 2024 · in copyright

    A Vietnam News Agency report in English on the excavation at Luy Lau citadel in Bac Ninh. Journalism rather than an archaeological report, and it gives no date for the mould fragments themselves.

    Cited in: Episode 6, Episode 2

    Also used on: Luy Lau

60. 60

    Form and ornament on Dong Son bronze drums in Vietnam

    Vũ Thanh Nghị · 2023 · in copyright

    A survey of Heger's four drum types, focused on type two, also known as the Muong drum.

    Cited in: Episode 7

    Also used on: Franz Heger

61. 61

    Wikipedia: Den Hung and the Hung Kings' commemoration

    nhiều người soạn · tra cứu 2026 · in copyright

    A secondary source, used only where we could not open the original documents, and always flagged as such.

    Cited in: Episode 4

    Also used on: Hong Bang and Van Lang

62. 62

    Who Invented the Bronze Drum? Nationalism, Politics, and a Sino-Vietnamese Archaeological Debate

    Xiaorong Han · 2004 · in copyright

    A historian's reading of the Vietnamese-Chinese bronze drum dispute as a case of archaeology shaped by politics.

    Cited in: Episode 7

    Also used on: Franz Heger, Ma Yuan, Dong Son